One post tagged with "Security"

WireGuard is a VPN solution that has gained popularity due to its simplicity and performance. It uses public and private keys to establish an encrypted connection, or "tunnel," between two devices called "peers." This allows you to communicate between two devices securely over untrusted networks.

In this post, we will go through the basics of configuring WireGuard on a Linux server and connecting Peers. In After the walkthrough, you will know how to use the WireGuard VPN for an encrypted peer-to-peer tunnel.

At the end of this walkthrough you will have:

• A Linux server running a configured instance of WireGuard

• A Peer connected to your Linux server using the WireGuard VPN

Things this article doesn't cover (maybe in a pt.2?):

• How to configure a VPN mesh using WireGuard

• How to configure firewalls external to the Linux server

• Steps you can take to properly secure your keys

• How to tunnel ALL of a peers traffic over the vpn

Before we begin​

There are a few things that you will need to have in place in order to follow along with this tutorial:

• A Linux server: You will need a Linux server to install and configure WireGuard on. In this tutorial, we will be using Ubuntu 20.04 LTS, but the instructions should also be similar for other distributions.

• A Public IP address: In order to access your WireGuard Server from the internet, you will need a public IP address.

• Basic knowledge of networking concepts: In order to understand and follow along with the instructions in this tutorial, while not required, it would be helpful if you have a basic understanding of networking concepts such as IP addresses, ports, and protocols.

• Sudo privileges: In order to install and configure WireGuard, you will need to have sudo privileges on your Linux server.

• A Peer device: In order to test your WireGuard connection, you will need a device such as a desktop or another server.

Installing WireGuard and Generating Keys​

Update package list:

sudo apt update

Install WireGuard on your server.

sudo apt install wireguard

Create the private key for WireGuard using the following command:

wg genkey | sudo tee /etc/wireguard/private.key

Then change permissions for the key file:

sudo chmod go= /etc/wireguard/private.key

You should receive a single line of base64 encoded output; this is the private key. A copy of the output is also stored in the /etc/wireguard/private.key file.

Create the public key, which is derived from the private key, to distribute to Peer machines. Use the following command to create the public key file:

sudo cat /etc/wireguard/private.key | wg pubkey | sudo tee /etc/wireguard/public.key

You should receive a single line of base64 encoded output; this is the public key.

You have now installed WireGuard on the server and generated both the public and private key files.

WireGuard Server Configuration​

Now that you have the key files, you will want to create the config file wg0.conf. You will then edit with a CLI-based text editor called nano.

sudo nano /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf

Add the following lines to the file. Substitute your private key, the IP address from the subnet you want to use, and the port. If you are not sure what to select you can use the information from the example. Just be sure to update your private key.

[Interface]
PrivateKey = <Peer's Private Key Goes Here>
Address = 10.11.12.1/24
ListenPort = 51820
SaveConfig = true

Save and close the config file by pressing CTRL+X then y and then ENTER.

Configure UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall)​

Yes, that is what it is called.

Allow traffic to the WireGuard UDP port itself:

sudo ufw allow 51820

Restart the firewall

sudo ufw disable && sudo ufw enable

Verify the firewall rules:

sudo ufw status

The WireGuard Server is now configured to handle the VPN traffic correctly.

Starting the WireGuard Server​

Setup a systemd service so that WireGuard will start at boot:

sudo systemctl enable wg-quick@wg0.service

Veryify that the service is running:

sudo systemctl status wg-quick@wg0.service

Configuring WireGuard Peer​

Configuring a WireGuard peer is similar to setting up the WireGuard Server. Once the Peer software is installed, generate a public/private key, populate a configuration file, and start the tunnel using wg-quick.

Update package list:

sudo apt update

Install WireGuard on your server.

sudo apt install wireguard

Create the private key for WireGuard using the following command:

wg genkey | sudo tee /etc/wireguard/private.key

Then change permissions for the key file:

sudo chmod go= /etc/wireguard/private.key

You should receive a single line of base64 encoded output; this is the private key. A copy of the output is also stored in the /etc/wireguard/private.key file.

Create the public key, to distribute to the WireGuard Server.

Use the following command to create the public key file:

sudo cat /etc/wireguard/private.key | wg pubkey | sudo tee /etc/wireguard/public.key

WireGuard Peer's Configuration File​

Now you can create a configuration file for the peer that contains all the information to establish a connection to the WireGuard Server.

What you need for the configuration file:

• The private key that you generated on the peer.

• The IPv4 address range that you defined on the WireGuard Server

• The public key from the WireGuard Server.

• The public IP address and port number of the WireGuard Server.

Create /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf file on the WireGuard Peer:

sudo nano /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf

Add the following lines to the file:

[Interface]
PrivateKey = <The Peer's Private Key Goes Here>
Address = 10.11.12.2/24

[Peer]
PublicKey = <WireGuard Server's Public Key Goes Here>
AllowedIPs = 10.11.12.0/24
Endpoint = <WireGuard Servers Public IP Address Goes Here>:51820

Adding the Peer's Public Key to the WireGuard Server​

Ensure that you have a copy of the base64 encoded public key for the WireGuard Peer by running:

sudo cat /etc/wireguard/public.key

Now log back into the WireGuard Server and run the following command:

sudo wg set wg0 peer <Peers public key goes here> allowed-ips 10.11.12.2

Verify the peer line shows in the WireGuard peers public key and address:

sudo wg

Connecting the WireGuard Peer to the Tunnel​

If you only want the VPN on for specific use cases use the wg-quick command to establish the connection manually. If you want to start the VPN at boot, follow the same configuration steps performed during the Starting the WireGuard Server section.

Run the following command to set this up:

sudo wg-quick up wg0

You can check the status of the tunnel on the peer using the wg command:

sudo wg

Very you can ping the ipv address for the WireGuard Servers VPN interface:

Ping 10.11.12.1

Once you are ready to disconnect from the VPN on the peer, use the wg-quick command:

sudo wg-quick down wg0

If you didn't choose to auto start the VPN, you can run the wg-quick up wg0 & wg-quick down wg0 activate and deactivate the VPN now.

Conclusion​

You now have an established VPN using WireGuard between two endpoints that provides you with a secure connection to manage your server or access information and resources. If you found the helpful article follow me on Twitter and let me know.